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Chapter I　5crew member’s pocket-ledger in case of crew member) or who seeks to land illegally, while the detailed requirements and procedures are precisely provided for landing, but the term “entry” may be used for both meanings as a general word in a lot of the cases without such a differentiation. Under the procedures of the ICRRA, the latter is the subject of concern in most cases and therefore the term “landing” is used hereinafter in most occasions.Any foreign national who seeks to land in Japan has to apply for landing to an immigration inspector at the airport or port of entry designated for such a purpose and go through the inspection (Article 6, paragraph (2)).A foreign national has to fall under the criteria for landing provided by Article 7, paragraph (1) of the ICRRA (hereinafter referred to as “criteria for landing”) to obtain a landing perimission in general, while special cases for landing of foreign crew members and passengers of aircrafts or vessels are also provided for in Articles 14 to 18-2.As mentioned above, one who does not possess a valid passport or crew member’s pocket-ledger is not authorised to enter Japan and a foreign national having entered territorial waters or air of Japan against this rule is subject to deportation and penalty on account of a charge of illegal entry (Article 24, item (i) and Article 70, paragraph (1), item (i)). One who has landed in Japan without obtaining a landing permission is also subject to deportation and penalty even if they may possess a valid passport or crew member’s pocket-ledger (Article 24, item (ii) and 70, paragraph (1), item (ii))⑵　Departure of foreign nationalsSimilar to the control over departure of Japanese nationals, foreign nationals are also required to obtain confirmation (stamp) of departure from an immigration inspector (deferment of confirmation will be explained in Chapter 8, Section 1). A foreign national having departed without this confirmation is subject to penalty (Article 71).Remark : The stamp of the confirmation is omitted if one does not request it on the spot of entry or departure when one uses so-called automated immigration examination gates including a former type of automated