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⑵ Information which is already possessed by the Receiving Party before the execution hereof without obtaining the same directly or indirectly from the Disclosing Party;第２編　契約類型別　各論86　一般に，公知となった情報や受領者が独自に開発した情報などは秘密情報から除外されることが多いところ，自社が主に情報の開示側である場合は，それらの記載を割愛しても問題となることは少ないといえますが，自社が主に情報の受領側である場合は，以下のようにそれらを明示的に記載しておくことをお勧めします。（上記条項例に続いて）Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Confidential Information shall not include information which falls under one of the following:⑴ Information which the Disclosing Party expressly excludes in writing from the Confidential Information;⑶ Information which is already in the public domain before the execution hereof, or information which becomes available to the public through no fault of the Receiving Party after the execution hereof;⑷ Information which the Receiving Party has legitimately and legally obtained from a third party who has the right to disclose the same, without breaching its confidentiality obligations to the Disclosing Party and without using or referring to the Confidential Information; or⑸ Information which is independently invented and developed by the Receiving Party through the activities of its employees or officers.〈和訳〉上記にかかわらず，以下の各号のいずれかに該当する情報は秘密情報に含まれない。